No need for topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

No requirement for subject - Assignment Example To legitimize racial separation, skin shading was considered as a significant capability for individuals to fit into a specific gathering in the common society. South America and South Africa were exposed to significant stretches of subjugation and isolation dependent on race. Near history in America shows that the North and South areas varied incredibly in their viewpoint toward subjection. American sectional clash was experienced as the clashing interests between the South and the North got apparent over the discussion about subjection. The North was known for its turn of events and high benefits earned from cotton cultivating while the South accused Northern distortion in financial misuse for their backwardness. In any case, the North believed subjection to be the hindrance to South’s advancement. From 1830, the discussion about servitude solidified between the two segments with the South protecting it by saying that it profited the Negroes (Frederickson 156). Despite what might be expected, the Northerners contended that it was coldhearted to abuse human rights through exposing them to servitude, restraint and severity innate in bondage. The animosity between the two segments over bondage prompted an abolitionist development in the American upset that prompted the abolishment of African slave exchange by the congress. As per Douglass (Para 4), fourth of July is the day for festivity of autonomy and political opportunity for the United States from imperialism. It helps them to remember the demonstrations, recollections and the superb tell signs related with freedom from frontier rule. The fulfillment and festivity was the start of another life in the United States since it gave residents the social liberties and opportunity chance to take an interest in the structure of the youthful American state. The term stream is utilized to mean people’s activities, which may improve the prosperity of the general public if emphatically started. Then again, whenever executed under rage

Traffic and Transportation Free samples †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Compose a paper about the Traffic and Transportation. Answer: Blood vessel streets might be known as high-limit streets which interface the urban territories with the urban communities. The blood vessel streets convey traffic from the gatherer streets to the roads. Hence these streets in a manner offer support between the urban territories and turnpikes. As expressed by Vasconcellos (2014), numerous blood vessel streets are constrained access streets for the private access. It has been seen that the cutting edge motorways are managing substantial incrising street traffic and popularity for versatility of regular blockage, mishaps, hazardous street segments and air contamination. It has been discovered that controlled-get to interstate has been intended for rapid vehicle traffic and furthermore so to keep up the traffic stream (Tolley and Turton 2014). It has been seen that the blood vessel street interfaces the urban territories and the urban areas. As contended by Garber and Hoel (2014), such sorts of the blood vessel streets change from nation to nation or city to city. The structures of the blood vessel streets are likewise unique and incorporate examples like concentric handouts or network. As expressed by Barfield and Dingus (2014), the blood vessel streets have been worked as a detour path for the fast and high-versatility motorway. These blood vessel streets make chance to interface the urban territories with the city. As contended by Schmieg et al. (2014), the blood vessel streets give valuable highlights and offices to vehicles. Social advantages: As expressed by Pan et al. (2014), regular more than 10 to 15 little and medium street mishaps have been accounted for at various streets of Australia. Most of the mishaps are dependable in making moderate traffic in various parkways. As indicated by Greguric et al. (2014), more than 1.5 million individuals have kicked the bucket in street mishaps a year ago. Because of moderate traffic and congested road, over 70% of the harmed individuals kick the bucket each year. In this way, street mishaps may make congested driving conditions on the thruway. The new blood vessel streets have made a detour for ambulances and other crisis vehicles, for example, fire engine or lifting truck with the goal that they may arrive at the mishap spot without any problem. It has been seen that the Prince parkway covers the significant regions in Australia from Sydney to Port Augusta. It has been seen that in excess of 10 detour streets have been appended with this roadway, for example, Oak Flats to Dunmore, North Kiama Bypass, Kiama On and Off Ramps. It has been seen that the length of the detour streets is witticism more than 11.5 km (Garber and Hoel 2014). Besides, 5 detour streets are under development (Pan et al. 2014). As expressed by Greguric et al. (2014), over half roads turned parking lots have diminished in this high ways. Along these lines, an extra 3-6 detours ways will be required for diminishing the congested driving conditions by 30%. Nature of the streets: The street development procedure will be more innovation based. The black-top or solid streets are reasonable for sidestep streets. It is practical and sturdy. It has been seen that a few regions are powerless to avalanches because of overwhelming precipitation. In this manner the street development organizations need to review the zone of streets. Also, post this assessment, the street development organization will start its street development system and make game plan for necessities, for example, shakes and stones. It has been seen that some detour streets have been constructed utilizing cobblestone and rock stones. Those streets are non tricky however they retain huge measure of downpour. Subsequently, the life span of the cobblestone covering is low (not more than 6 - 8 years). Then again the cobblestone covering can't convey substantial weight vehicles, for example, trucks and trawlers. Subsequently, the black-top covering streets will be better for the detour streets since it is strong and has great grasping capacity. Along these lines, this will be of lower chance for the vehicles in the downpour. As expressed by Ouma et at. (2014), black-top street making process is more costly and tedious than the cobblestone streets. As expressed by Garber and Hoel (2014), the detour street ought to have 2 paths and they ought to extraordinarily interface the country territories with the expressways. Along these lines, the black-top streets give better streets to the crisis vehicles, for example, rescue vehicle, fire engine and others. The new detour streets will be secured by thick black-top to build its solidness. As expressed by Pan et al. (2014), black-top streets are appropriate for conveying stacked trucks. Most black-top streets have a rock based surface. Portland concrete or lime would be utilized to balance out the blend of the rock. Innovation execution: It has been seen that the old street building process was manual. In this manner, the development procedure has been a tedious procedure. The street development office has spent a lot of capital on the development of these streets. In this way the new innovative usage will be additional time and cost proficient for the new detour streets (Ouma et at. 2014). There are some new structure machines like air-track drill, chip spreader, cold planer, compactor, solid blend machines and carriage and check machines will be utilized in the new street development. Those imaginative apparatuses will lessen the human exertion and building time. Subsequently the streets will open for vehicles before long. Lighting framework: It has been seen that there are no road lights in the parkways. Thusly, alleviation activity has confronted challenge around evening time. Be that as it may, the detour street must have road lights since it interfaces the country territories with the parkways. There will be road light in the detour paths. The hole between two road lights will be right around 100 to 150 meters. Force Companies have assumed the liability of setting up LED road lights for the new detour. As expressed by Barfield and Dingus (2014), the LED light 80% force sparing limit than the brilliant lights and sodium fume lights or incandescent lights. Then again, the LED light conveys preferable candela over the sodium fume light. There will be mechanized flagging framework in the new detour street. The flagging framework will be splendid LED based so the driver can watch the signs from far (Ouma et at. 2014). The blood vessel streets are essential for supporting the parkways in crisis purposes. The detour streets must be worked by materials that are solid and overwhelming, for example, black-top with the goal that upkeep cost might be decreased. The new detour streets must have brilliant and vitality productive lighting and flagging framework to stay away from mishaps. In this way, the detour streets would be the ideal help for the expressways. Reference list: Barfield, W. what's more, Dingus, T.A., 2014. Human factors in astute transportation frameworks. Brain science Press. Garber, N. furthermore, Hoel, L., 2014. Traffic and interstate designing. Cengage Learning. Greguric, M., Ivanjko, E. furthermore, Mandzuka, S., 2014, Cooperative slope metering reenactment. In Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), 2014 37th International Convention on (pp. 970-975). IEEE. Greguri, M., Ivanjko, E. furthermore, Manduka, S., 2014. New Concepts for Urban Highways Control. Genuine CORP, pp.423-431. Ouma, Y.O., Yabann, C.E., Kirichu, M. furthermore, Tateishi, R., 2014. Streamlining of urban thruway sidestep flat arrangement: a methodological outline of savvy spatial MCDA approach utilizing fluffy AHP and GIS. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2014. Skillet, J., Chen, C., Li, Y., Wang, L., Tan, L., Li, G., Tang, X., Xiao, L., Lu, J. what's more, Zhuang, L., 2014. Developing ionic thruway in soluble polymer electrolytes. Vitality Environmental Science, 7(1), pp.354-360. Schmieg, N., Menendez, G., Schiavo, G. furthermore, Terenzio, M., 2014,. Flagging endosomes in axonal vehicle: travel reports on the sub-atomic interstate. In Seminars in cell formative science (Vol. 27, pp. 32-43). Scholastic Press. Tolley, R. furthermore, Turton, B.J., 2014. Transport frameworks, strategy and arranging: a geological methodology. Routledge. Vasconcellos, E.A., 2014. Urban Transport Environment and Equity: The case for creating nations. Routledge.

PMA Results on Flight Express Aircrafts

The Beechcraft Baron 58 is the brainchild of Hawker Beechcraft Corporation. The company built up this specific model in1970. As indicated by the Corporation’s site, another Beechcraft 58 expenses around 1.2 million dollars (Baron58 n.d). The determinations of this plane incorporate a twin motor cylinder, six front seats, and two behind entryways. It has a gross load of 2450-2500 kilograms and a most extreme drop weight of 2450 kilograms.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on PMA Results on Flight Express Aircrafts explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Flight Express is an air transporter organization with an armada of eighty-nine airplanes. Out of these, twenty-seven are Beechcraft models (Flight Express 2010). Flight Express has its home office in Orlando, Florida and it works in twenty six different states over the United States. Express values being a period basic and an on request bearer that has some expertise in territorial air transport. The aircraft transports bundles for a few organizations incorporating those in distributing, life science, and banking businesses. Flight Express’s pilots log more than 64,000 flight hours every year (Flight Express, 2003). Despite the fact that Flight Express works under FAR (Federal Aviation Regulations), its tasks will be investigated from the CAA’s point of view with the end goal of this cost appraisal. This is generally on the grounds that the company’s FAR endorsed records are not available to people in general. Since the cost evaluation is accomplished for a general instance of 200 hours, the outcomes acquired through either guidelines (FAR or CAA) ought not have an immense inconsistencies between them. The Beechcraft’s most extreme drop weight is beneath 2730 kilograms, it is hereafter delegated a light cylinder motor airplane (Civil Aviation Authority 2005). There are five determined upkeep checks for this airplane class. The first is Check An and i t must be done before the principal trip of the day. The subsequent check is the fifty-hour check. This look at must be conveyed after each fifty flight hours or then again following a half year of activity. At that point there is the 150-hour look at that is conveyed after each one hundred and fifty hours of flight. Different looks at are the yearly registration after like clockwork, and the star review. The common Aviation Authority specifies the greater part of these checks. As per the Authority, Check A requires the engine’s air channel to be assessed with accentuation on its tidiness. The tires and wheels of the plane likewise must be checked for harms. The expansion levels and different abnormalities likewise must be checked.Advertising Looking for article on flying? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More furthermore, the usefulness of the fuel siphon must be assessed during this check. The fifty-hour check includes a ssessment of the fuel siphon, air channel, wheels, and tires. Broad checks of these zones must be completed after either fifty hours of flight or a half year whichever starts things out. The greater part of the occasions, this check includes substitution of oil channels and tires. The 150-hour keep an eye on its part matches with the 50-hour checks. This implies all the examinations specified in the 50-hour check are remembered for this one. The standard activities in this check incorporate motor overhauling and now and then tire substitutions. This look at must be conveyed after each one hundred and fifty hours of flight. Then again, the yearly look at is conveyed after at regular intervals. During this check all oil channels are supplanted. The tires may likewise be supplanted if any indications of harm or destroying were found. The fuel siphon and the motor air channels may likewise be supplanted during this yearly check (Civil Aviation Authority 2005). Informative supplement X r epresents an investigation of how PMA parts can decrease the upkeep costs for Flight Express airplanes. For example, it is accepted that Flight Express works each Beechcraft Baron 58 for around 200 hours every year. This implies a few sections should be supplanted as per CAA’s guidelines. This implies airplane parts like motor air channels, oil channels, fundamental tires, and nose tires will be required over the span of these checks. Different parts that can be supplanted inside the 200 hours of flight are fuel siphons and wheel gatherings. Be that as it may, these parts are once in a while supplanted inside this period in typical conditions. Informative supplement X records the assessed number of substitutions that can be made inside 200 hours of flight. Inside the assessed time allotment of 200 hours, a solitary airplane will require these parts to be supplanted; two motor air channels, one fuel siphon, eight oil channels, two wheel gatherings, four primary tires, and two nose tires. In the event that Flight Express decides to utilize OEM parts when making these substitutions, it will cost the organization fourteen thousand, 700 and ninety seven dollars and seventy eight pennies. This incorporates the expense of a fuel siphon that is regularly exceptionally costly by most makers. Nonetheless, if Flight Express decides to utilize PMA’s parts it will just cost the organization an aggregate of 4,000, 900 and eighty four dollars and fifty two pennies. This demonstrates Flight Express is set to spare around sixty six percent in material expenses if the organization decides to utilize PMA’s items. These potential reserve funds are as far as a solitary aircraft.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on PMA Results on Flight Express Aircrafts explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Considering Flight Express works a sum of twenty seven Beechcraft Baron 58 airplanes, the organization stands to make significant invest ment funds if PMA parts are utilized. Every one of these airplanes has an inexact 200 hours of trip in one year. The complete number of substitutions is thusly expected to associate with fifty four motor channels, twenty seven fuel siphons, 200 and sixteen oil channels, twelve wheel gatherings, one hundred and eight principle tires and fifty four nose tires. In the event that the organization goes for PMA items, the organization can spare more than 200 and forty thousand dollars in every upkeep cycle. At the point when this rundown rejects the extravagant fuel siphons, it will in any case cost Flight Express 45,136.54 dollars. It will cost the organization seventy 7,000, 500 and forty six dollars and four pennies if these equivalent items are sourced from OEM. One of the impediments of this evaluation is the technique used to show up at the normal 200 hours of flight for every year. This is on the grounds that this figure is assessed from the quantity of flight hours logged by each pilot yearly (Flight Express 2010b). Outline The consequences of this contextual investigation demonstrate that PMA’s items are less expensive contrasted with those from elective organizations. Avionics organizations can exploit the cost cutting choices gave by PMA. Any avionics organization that decides to utilize PMA-made extra parts stands to set aside a ton of cash in support costs. References Baron58, n.d, Beechcraft Baron 58 General Information. Web. Common Aviation Authority, 2005, CAP 411: Light A/C Maint Schedules (Airplanes). Web. Flight Express, 2003, Initial and Recurrent Flight Training Handbook: Beechcraft 58 Baron. Web.Advertising Searching for paper on aeronautics? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Flight Express, 2010, About. Web. Flight Express, 2010b, Flight Express Fleet. Web. This paper on PMA Results on Flight Express Aircrafts was composed and put together by client Fallen One to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

International Environmental Standards - Free Essay Example

Abstract Transnational Corporations have become the order of the day when it comes to investment driven growth for the developing world. Countries encourage these corporations to lead the charge when it comes to development of technology, boosting National Income, increasing living standards and increasing export capabilities. The host nations are both incapable and unwilling to enforce stricter environmental regulations in the fear of losing out on investments, and the developed countries are hesitant towards regulating such entities because of their strong political lobbies. The international instruments resulting from such quandary are also mere eye-wash and essentially rendered ineffective because of the lack of domestic legislation. Because of these failures, the TNCs operate in a sphere of legal vacuum with nothing to restrain them from damaging the local environment and bio-diversity. This paper highlights the deficiencies in the operation of such international instruments, the lack of political will in nations in enforcing better means of regulation and thereby attempts at providing some basic indicators that should be the driving force behind the functioning of TNCs. No one can deny the economic benefit resultant from the inflow of foreign investment or the efforts of Corporate Social Responsibility but these do not compensate for the extent of environmental damage caused by TNCs. The regulation and safety of the living environment is a commitment for entire humanity and the entrepreneurial units are by no means exempt from such obligation. Introduction Transnational Corporation, (TNC) also called Multinational Corporation or Multinational Enterprise, is defined by the UN Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises as: An economic entity operating in more than one country or a cluster of economic entities operating in two or more countries whatever their legal form, whether in their home country or country of activity, and whether taken individually or collectively.  [1] In the past quarter of a century, an era of rapid economic globalization, there has been a remarkable growth in both the number of transnational corporations (TNCs) and the quantity of foreign direct investment (FDI).  [2]  TNCs have grown in number from 7,000 TNC parent firms in 1970 to over 65,000 in 2002. Together, these global firms make up one-tenth of world GDP and one-third of world exports.  [3]  The growth in the number, size, and influence of TNCs has been a matter of international concern, particularly to developing countries, for over twenty years. The expansion of TNCs after the Second World War resulted from a number of factors, including spiraling labor costs in developed countries, the increasing importance of economies of scale, improved transportation and communication systems, and rising worldwide consumer demand for new products.  [4]  Ethical issues arising from TNC activities include bribery and corruption, employment and personnel issues, marketing practices, impacts on the economy and development patterns of host countries, environmental and cultural impacts, and political relations with both host and home country governments.  [5] It is also frequently argued that TNCs have grown beyond the control of national governments and operate in a legal and moral vacuum where individualism has free reign.  [6]  Despite the long-held concerns about ethical and other aspects of TNC activity, promotion of FDI has been a global political trend.  [7]  Policy initiatives at the international level concerning TNCs focus on developing guidelines to facilitate FDI,  [8]  with the principal issues being the development of standards for fair and equitable treatment, national treatment, and most favored nation treatment.  [9] Environmental matters are one exception to this trend. Since the Trail Smelter case came in picture,  [10]  there appears to be a broad consensus regarding the need and desirability to develop standards to guide and direct TNC behavior. However, considerable uncertainty exists about how to apply environmental standards to TNCs in this new era of free trade, liberalization of national economies, and promotion of FDI. TNCs are key players in terms of development activity, and they operate in the free space between ineffective national laws and non-existent or unenforceable international laws.  [11]  This Article discusses methods to ensure that TNCs meet environmental protection goals in the emergin g international climate of structural adjustment, free trade, and enhanced conditions for FDI. In particular, it focuses on the idea that some consistent or uniform standards should be developed to guide TNC activities wherever they occur. Operation Of TNCs The types of activities towards which FDI is directed have changed considerably over the past forty years. In the 1950s, the initial growth in FDI occurred in the primary sector, with investment primarily in renewable resources such as agriculture, fisheries and forests and in non-renewables such as minerals, oil, and gas. Subsequently, the manufacturing sector became the most prominent sector for FDI outflows and accounted for forty-five percent of outward FDI during the 1970s.  [12]  The most rapid growth in FDI activity in recent years took place in the services sector, in which world outflow of FDI expanded from thirty-one percent in 1970 to fifty percent in 1990.  [13]  The United Nations predicts that FDI in coming years will increasingly focus in the services and technology-intensive manufacturing sectors. The vast majority of TNCs have parent corporations that are based in developed countries. The G5 countries account for one-half of the total number of parent TN Cs and more than two-thirds of the global stock of FDI. Only eight percent of parent TNCs are based in developing countries, and these account for only five percent of the global stock of FDI.  [14]  Not surprisingly, the proportion of TNC affiliates located in developing countries is much higher, comprising forty-one percent in 1991.  [15] The flow of FDI to developing countries comprised only one-quarter of total FDI inflows in 1991, but it has increased steadily over the past ten years. A large proportion of this inflow goes to a small number of developing countries. In 1992, $26 billion out of the $40 billion directed to the developing world went to just ten countries, primarily in east, south, and south-east Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean.  [16]  These figures again suggest that by focusing regulatory efforts on a relatively small number of developing countries, coverage of a substantial proportion of the activity undertaken by TNCs and their affiliates in the developing world would be achieved.  [17] For all these reasons, concerns about environmental protection in relation to manufacturing and primary production are increasing within developing countries and the central and eastern European regions in the near future.  [18] Environmental Impact of TNC Activities Environmental performance is defined in terms of emissions of hazardous substances into air, land and water.  [19]  Environmental performance is directly affected by regulatory, financial and organizational variables. The United States EPA reports three categories of emissions: direct emissions into the air, land or water; transfers to publicly-owned treatment works (i.e., sewage); and transfers off-site for storage, recycling, or other purposes. TNCs operate in a wide range of pollution-intensive and hazardous industries that have products or processes that may harm the environment or negatively impact human health, such as mining, petroleum, and agro-business. The general standard of environmental performance of TNCs is therefore a matter of significant international concern.  [20]  TNCs possess flexibility, mobility, and leverage which local companies do not enjoy; tend to maintain corporate secrecy about the hazards associated with particular products and processes; and obtain the benefit of legal uncertainties concerning the liability of parent TNCs for their affiliates activities.  [21] The two TNC activities most commonly identified as raising environmental concerns are the export of hazardous products (such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, toxic chemicals, and hazardous wastes) and the export of hazardous processes or technologies.  [22]  TNCs export hazardous processes by establishing highly-polluting industries outside home countries, thus creating potential problems with pollution control, disposal of hazardous wastes, workers health and safety, and the risk of major accidents.  [23]  The accidents at Seveso, Italy; Bhopal, India; and Basel, Switzerland demonstrate the serious consequences that arise when TNCs inadequately manage chemical manufacturing plants. Primary industry activities also impact biodiversity and can carry serious consequences for indigenous peoples.  [24]  Such concerns are particularly pronounced where tropical rain forests have been cleared. New areas of concern about the environmental impacts of TNC behavior are also emerging since the 1990s. One of the most significant is the acquisition of intellectual property rights to products derived from plants or animals found in developing countries.  [25]  The broader charge is that TNCs are raiding and appropriating the biodiversity of developing nations.  [26] Environmental destruction leaves local populations with two basic options: (a) to leave the degraded environment for a more habitable place and become environmental refugees,  [27]  or environmentally displaced people; or (b) to remain in the degraded environment and risk increased morbidity and mortality through exposure to pollution and depleted, degraded, or contaminated food and water sources.  [28]  Neither of the above options is ideal as both leave communities and individuals in worse conditions than before the environmental destruction occurred. Further more, international law is currently organized in such a manner as to exclude such victims from international aid.  [29]  Poorer nations turn to TNCs to encourage international investment in hopes of improving the local economy. In turn, TNCs are attracted to the opportunity to lower production costs through lenient environmental standards and cheap labor.  [30] Despite their enormous influence and their significant role in the degradation and destruction of the environment which subsequently harms human populations, TNCs are not yet signatories to binding international instruments.  [31]  Virtually unrestrained by international instruments and domestic laws, TNCs are safe from liability for environmental destruction and resultant human rights violations. Globalization has thus created powerful non-state actors that may violate environmental law in ways that were not contemplated during the development of the modern environmental jurisprudence.  [32] Attempts at Environmental Regulation of TNCs Both the international community and individual states have attempted to regulate the activities of TNCs.  [33]  International efforts to establish an environmental code of practice for TNCs have proven illusory at best. Moreover, most instruments which have come under the consideration of the international community have taken the form of non-binding, soft-law guidelines.  [34] The United Nations Code of Conduct for Transnational Corporations: The Code of Conduct for Transnational Corporations emerged from the 1974 movement to establish a New International Economic Order.  [35]  In 1993, after authoring several code drafts,  [36]  the United Nations abandoned efforts to establish a TNC code when it became evident that compromise was nearly impossible. The most recent provision of the U.N. Code of Conduct (Code of Conduct) relating to environmental protection comes from the 1988 draft and reads as follows: Transnational corporations shall carry out their activities in accordance with national laws, regulations, established administrative practices and policies relating to the preservation of the environment of the countries in which they operate and with due regard to relevant international standards. Transnational corporations should, in performing their activities, take steps to protect the environment and where damaged to rehabilitate it and should make efforts to develop and apply adequate technologies for this purpose.  [37]  The Code of Conduct fails to specify what steps should be taken, or what will be done if they are not taken. Additionally, the Code of Conduct fails to define damaged and rehabilitate. Any effective international regulatory regime must provide specific mandatory guidelines and standards for the environmental practices of TNCs. The U.N. Code of Conduct fails in this regard, leaving the creation of relevant international standards to future international law developments.  [38] The OECD Guidelines for Multina tional Enterprises: In 1976, the member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), as an annex to a declaration on international investment, established the Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.  [39]  This soft-law instrument lacks the scope, enforceability, and substantive provisions needed to create an effective international regime of environmental regulation. The impotency of the said Guidelines can be ascertained from their applicability to TNCs only within their territories. Such broad proclamations provide little guidance to TNCs and fail to establish an effective environmental regulatory regime. Article XX of GATT: The issue of environment protection was not a major issue when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was drawn up in 1947. Not a word was mentioned in GATT itself about environment.  [40]  The principle purpose of GATT is to oblige members to use the same rules to regulate trade and to ensure in particular that there was no discrimination in trade.  [41]  Under Article XX, GATT provides for trade restrictions and discrimination in order to protect human, animal, plant health and safety. It is worth noting that the word environment is nowhere expressly mentioned in Article XX. Nevertheless, these exemptions give the members ample latitude to control trade to protect the environment,  [42]  although some authors argue that these are intended to cover measures designed either to protect public health diseases or to protect animal or plant life for commercial reasons.  [43]  The measures to protect human, animal, plant life or health have to be the least trade restrictive  [44]  ones among the measures available to such countries.  [45]  The term necessary means such a measure that entails minimum degree of inconsistency with other GATT provisions.  [46]  These provisions, although appear to providing adequate teeth and power to the host nation in imposing its envi ronmental concerns, yet they are seldom an effective means due to other WTO obligations and trade interests.  [47] Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on Environment in Development: In June 1992, representatives from most of the worlds nations and several hundred nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) gathered in Rio de Janeiro for the United Nations Conference on Environment in Development (UNCED or the Earth Summit). One product of their labors was a voluminous soft-law document entitled Agenda 21.  [48]  This document, formally adopted by most participating nations, establishes a comprehensive plan for global development.  [49]  Numerous clauses address the practices of TNCs and their role in achieving sustainable development. Throughout the document, TNCs are encouraged to introduce policies demonstrating the commitmentto adopt standards of operation equivalent to or not less stringent than those existing in the country of origin, and to adopt and report on the implementation of codes of conduct promoting the best environmental practice.  [50]  While Agenda 21 suffers from the same problems as the instruments discussed above, its recognition of the regulatory method of applying home country standards is significant.  [51]  Despite its important developments, Agenda 21 ultimately fails to establish an effective environmental regulatory regime. Its most prevalent defect is its non-binding, aspirational nature.  [52]  Unless such standards can be enforced, either internationally or domestically, they are unlikely to have much effect. Agenda 21 also suffers from a definitional problem. It is not clear from the terms of Agenda 21 whether country of origin refers to a TNCs country of incorporation, the country or countries wherein a majority of its shareholders reside, or both. International Environmental Regulations: The foregoing problems have led some scholars to call for a comprehensive international regulatory scheme, which, they argue, would level the competitive playing field.  [53]  First, the terms and conditions of multinational corporate activity must promote the cause of global economic and social justice. Second, there must be global standards of process safety for transnational hazardous and nonhazardous business activity. Third, the activity must satisfy the highest standards of environmental protection. Fourth, the activity must observe the highest standards of human rights. Fifth, dilution of technology to a lesser level while operating in developing countries should be banned, even if the importing nation so desires. Sixth, restrictions against foreign capital investment in developing economies should be set, regulated, and reviewed by an impartial committee consisting of the representatives from both developed and developing countries, but excluding the parties in question so that the solutions agreed upon are free from the psychological biases of interested parties. Last, an internat ional dispute resolution mechanism should be established where preference is accorded to arbitration before appealing the decision to a court of binding jurisdiction.  [54]  Although, such international regulation serves theoretical commonsense, the barriers impeding its successful implementation are plenty and profound.  [55]  First, developed countries, whose nationals control a large majority of the worlds TNCs, are unlikely to advance support for such a code because it would run contrary to their short-term economic interests. Further, such regulations might lead to transfers in environmental technology from developed to developing countries, an occurrence seen as undesirable by many developed nations.  [56]  Second, developing nations are unlikely to support such a vigorous regulatory scheme. Many developing nations see environmental quality as a luxury which they are willing to forgo in favor of further development and increased wealth.  [57] Need for Uniform Environmental Standards for TNCs Current international environmental law and international human rights law developed without regard for each other and are not sufficient in this global economy. Moreover, international environmental law generally focuses on trans-border environmental harm and does not regulate domestic environmental issues.  [58]  Citizens must rely on national law for redress and protection, which is often not an effective avenue.  [59]  Additionally, international human rights law is neither linked to a healthy environment nor to international environmental law and TNCs are not held accountable for human rights violations that stem from their direct environmental destruction.  [60] A wide range of regulatory measures might readily be described as environmental standards.  [61]  There are essentially two ways to force TNCs to apply uniform standards. The first involves international negotiation or harmonization of standards so as to produce a level playing field for TNCs, while a lso enhancing existing levels of environmental protection worldwide. The second method is to directly regulate TNCs to ensure that they apply uniform standards wherever they happen to operate. These rules determine the source of the particular standards that apply to a TNC in a given situation.  [62] Direct Regulations: Direct regulations encompass a variety of command and control regulations, including enabling, environmental quality and resource conservation regulations. Enabling regulations set out the general objectives and the interactions among the legislative and executive branches of government, while providing for the general funding of the environmental programs outlined in the legislation.  [63]  These regulations determine the methods for controlling pollution and set numerical limitations on permissible levels of pollution.  [64] Market Incentives: Both industry and government pursue the incorporation of market incentives into environmental legislation. Th is approach potentially could save industry billion of dollars a year.  [65]  Numerous commentators proposed many different general market-based solutions to pollution problems. These plans include pollution charges such as fees, taxes, subsidies and deposit-refund systems. Self Regulation: Recent surveys have suggested that TNCs are seriously addressing their past deficiencies by undertaking extensive environmental management programs that extend across all their operations.  [66]  In the case of industry organizations, these measures tend to concentrate on the broader standards of conduct that may be expected of corporations, including TNCs, rather than focusing on ambient or discharge standards of a relatively precise or quantifiable nature. Examples include the International Chamber of Commerces Environmental Guidelines for World Business and Business Charter for Sustainable Development, the U.S. and Canadian Chemical Manufacturers Associations Responsible Care Progra m, the European Council of Chemical Manufacturers Federations Principles and Guidelines for the Safe Transfer of Technology.  [67]  Individual TNCs are also considering the idea of internal standardization of environmental practices, perhaps because they perceive that environmental, health, and safety regulations will become increasingly harmonized in the future anyway.  [68]  The overriding difficulty with all of these possible internal standards, as with industry codes and guidelines, is their voluntary and non-binding character. Even more so than soft law instruments executed by nations, which at least reflect a consensus among some nations that may be reflected in domestic measures from time to time, industry and internal standards offer no mechanisms for ensuring compliance apart from those which exist in any event, such as adverse publicity.  [69] International Agreements: These agreements include conventions on trans-boundary pollution (e.g., 1979 Conventions on Long-Range Trans-boundary Air Pollution), conventions on resources shared between two or more states (e.g., UNEPs Regional Seas Convention), and conventions on the use of resources of the global commons (e.g., Law of the Sea, Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depletion).  [70]  In addition, local national regulations can affect industry policies. For example, the European Community has not yet successfully defined the relationships among European Community, national, regional and local environmental laws. Considerable support has been expressed in recent years for the development of international environmental standards. However, if TNCs were to face uniform ambient standards, local variables such as the level of industrial activity, its spatial dispersion, and topographical and climate conditions would preclude harmonization of environmental control costs and competitive positions.  [71]  Environmentalists worry that uniform standards lead inevitably to a lowest common denomina tor outcome which could threaten environmental gains in some countries, particularly if new free trade rules deem higher standards to be illegal barriers to trade.  [72]  A refinement of the concept of uniform international standards is the concept of minimum international environmental standards.  [73]  Under this approach, countries would remain free to adopt more stringent environmental standards if warranted by their particular circumstances. The more stringent standards could include measures designed to promote pollution prevention. Minimum standards, rather than being identical, could operate on a principle of mutual recognition based upon the equivalence of requirements in national laws.  [74] It seems clear that TNCs view the development of international environmental standards as a less desirable process than the standardization or harmonization of national environmental standards.  [75]  Thus despite the emerging interest in the concept of minimum interna tional environmental standards, and the precedents for international regulation where trans-boundary or global commons issues are involved, the reality is that the prescription of detailed process standards for environmental, health, and safety matters through legally binding international agreements does not currently appear to have widespread governmental or industry support.  [76] In the absence of an international approach to the development of environmental standards, it remains open to states to pursue their own approaches with respect to the operations of TNCs who fall within their jurisdiction. Thus, instead of allowing TNCs to operate entirely by reference to the law of the host country, it may be possible to develop domestic rules which determine that similar or uniform standards will apply to TNCs irrespective of whether they are operating in a host or home country.  [77]  However, this approach has been criticized for some of the reasons also advanced against th e idea of international uniform standards. In particular, it is suggested that it may lead to inappropriate technology transfer, or to decisions by TNCs to pass over investments in a particular developing country because of the environmental costs involved, even though the proposed activity might be of considerable economic benefit to the country concerned.  [78]  A practical difficulty with the home country rule is that it would require environmental authorities in the relevant host country to understand and administer differing standards for various TNC facilities, according to their country of origin. This could prove quite impractical. The second option with respect to domestic regulation of TNCs is for the home country to give extraterritorial effect to its environmental regulations in relation to the operations of its own TNCs abroad.  [79]  Proposals of this kind have been put forward and range from a Foreign Environmental Practices Act, which would extend all rele vant domestic standards and regulations to TNC operations abroad,  [80]  to a more modest proposal that home governments could make regulations for their companies that they insist are followed in other countries of operation. This approach has been condemned on the grounds that it intrudes excessively into the internal affairs of sovereign states and, particularly in its operation in developing countries, amounts to a new form of cultural imperialism.  [81] There are also some obvious and substantial practical difficulties with the administration and enforcement of domestic standards in a foreign jurisdiction. Export and import controls are another domestic means of regulating TNC behavior.  [82]  Another option is to impose import restrictions on products that have been produced through inferior environmental protection measures, in order to protect domestic manufacturers and to address global concerns such as tropical deforestation.  [83] Conclusion Both international and domestic measures have failed to adequately regulate the environmental practices of transnational corporations. While there is need to strengthen and develop existing methods of environmental regulation of TNCs, formal recognition in a hard-law treaty of the international human right to a healthy environment can help to prevent and correct environmental disasters and compensate injured individuals. The right of individual petition, amenability of TNCs to proceedings, effective investigatory powers, skilled environmental judges and experts, and the ability of the International Court for the Environment to award damages and injunctive relief are all characteristics essential to the creation of an effective international enforcement mechanism.  [84] While a few concrete international measures have been developed, more general or comprehensive measures seem unlikely due to TNC opposition and a lack of strong interest in this approach at present on the part o f national governments. International environmental standards seem most likely to emerge at first instance in a regional setting, but where these are provided for in trade related agreements, their adequacy and efficacy will be uncertain. Soft law and self-regulatory mechanisms, while reflecting a greater awareness on the part of governments and TNCs of the need for higher levels of environmental performance, offer no guarantees of compliance.  [85] There is an international trend towards recognizing the right to a healthy environment and towards increased corporate accountability. However, this movement will take time, as the global economy is currently structured around economic efficiency, and adjustments must be made to incorporate human, economic, and environmental interests.  [86]

Personal Narrative-My Seventeenth Birthday - 1711 Words

Most people think that their birthday is a day to celebrate themselves with cake and presents. I had a different experience. On my seventeenth birthday, I experienced an event that could compare to the complete opposite of a birthday. At the end of that dreadful day, I realized that we can only take life one day at a time. This year, I did not ask for much. I already had what I needed. My birthday started out fantastic. A two-hour delay had taken into effect, since the sleet and snow took over the roads. I wore a striped 3/4th sleeved shirt, dark skinny jeans, and brown knee-high boots. I put on more eyeshadow than I normally do. I went out to Sue-Z-Que’s for a birthday breakfast with my parents. Next, I went to school and received†¦show more content†¦I ran to my room and cried into my blanket until it dampened with my tears. I started to lose control of my breathing, until my conscience kick in to tell me that I was going to be okay. The wait to see my mom felt like hours. Finally, my mom came home. I tumbled into her arms, weeping and I somehow managed to get into the car. In the car, my mother tried to make me realizes what happened and tried to prepare for what I was going to see. My voice could barely make a noise. Building up inside, I somehow managed to get my anger out. â€Å"Why? Out of all days of the year, this is happening to me?† â€Å"Karissa, dreadful things happen to us on days that seem to be the happiest.† She explained details about Grandma’s stroke and what to expect. After getting to Cresco, I couldn’t wait to get out of the car and to see Grandma. Nothing could prepare me for what the night was going to bring. At last, we arrived at the bay where my grandma laid. My body froze. I had no idea on how to approach her. I slowly walked in as my dad said, â€Å"Here comes the birthday girl.† I could only smile. Grandma looked back at me even when her mind wasn’t completely there. I felt so much pain just seeing her lay there. My heart ached for her. She could hear us, but couldn’t talk back. My cold hand grasped on tight to her warm hand. I didn’t want to let go. MyShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesCollege; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wife Hellan whose good advice has improved the book in many ways. vi Table of Contents Preface.............................................................

Religion In Dostoevskys Crime And Punishment - 1235 Words

The author, Dostoevsky, uses characters in his book, Crime and Punishment, to convey important themes and motifs to the readers. The most prominent recurring theme that influences the character’s decisions is religion. [a] Dostoevsky’s uses a unique form of symbolism and character actions to cement the basis of religion. Raskolnikov, the main character, is repeatedly illustrated as being non-religious, as a consequence, constantly in a state of confliction with his inner thoughts, with no clear path to embark on in the future. However, as he grows fond of religion, his mind becomes clear as religion is able to guide him forward. The theme of religion reflects the author’s perspective, as he has been closely affiliated with Christianity†¦show more content†¦He believes he knows what path to take, but rather, he is illustrated with a lack of â€Å"knowing†. The contrast in the way he thinks combined with his inability to make decisions, with little- to-no references to religion in his life, illustrates that the character is lost and in dire need of enlightenment. Analyzing the dialogue between Raskolnikov and Sonya provides anecdotal evidence of mentorship between the characters. Sonya plays an important role in helping Raskolnikov come to conclusions and in general aid him towards the right direction. To further cement the importance of religion in his life, the author includes the exchange: â€Å"what would I be without God?† when asked whether she prayed to God. (Dostoevsky 323) Sonya has always been portrayed as a character with deeply rooted ties to religion, which influences her decisions and actions. Instead of seeking for familial assistance, Raskolnikov, fully knowing her religious nature, turns to Sonya for help and guidance when he demands: â€Å"Well, what to do now, tell me!† (Dostoevsky 420) When Raskolnikov clearly states his intentions, Sonya does not get frightened by him, yet embraces him by saying â€Å"I’ll follow you, I’ll go wherever you go!† (Dostoevsky 412) The use of punctuation stro ngly indicates the state of her emotions. The exclamation marks in the text highlights her enthusiasm and her willingness to support Raskolnikov. The warm welcome he received, despite his malicious actions, with a combination of herShow MoreRelatedCrime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky1025 Words   |  4 PagesCrime and Punishment, written by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky; is a philosophical crime fiction novel. The story is very powerful in that it goes beyond the book and into the lives of the audience; making the audience feel some type of relation between themselves and the story. Dostoevsky was brilliant in creating a fictional world where the characters seem to be found within the audience, transitioning from a fictional story to a self-help book. He employes many life lessons in the story, whichRead MorePhilosophies In Fyodor Dostoevskys Crime And Punishment1095 Words   |  5 PagesFor a recent reading assignment our english class was introduced to the master-work that is Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment. Set in 1860s Saint Petersburg Russia, Dostoevsky goes to great lengths to describe his dark and decrepit world in which his characters to inhabit. The events of an axe murder and eventual redemption could have taken place in any setting, but Dostoevsky on the contrary chose this specific time in which to make his commentary on society. 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The passages above show two translations of the same verse.They are from the story of Cain and Abel. Speaking to Cain after he has murdered his brother, God explains Cain’s punishment. In the American Standard Version, God commands Cain to rule over sin, while in the King James Version, God promises Cain that he will surely triumph over sin. These are two very different quotes from the same verse. To look further into this, oneRead MoreEssay on Dorothy Allisons This is Our World977 Words   |  4 Pagesdeeper, and the sparkle of his eye will tell a thousand stories far greater than with what the Arabian Nights ever enchanted its audiences. When I think of the world like this, several other writers come directly to mind. Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment and Conrad’s Heart of Darkness are two exceptional works that show true human nature. I even can vision Dorothy Allison agreeing with the third section of T.S. Eliot’s â€Å"Preludes.† There are few people who can capture the emotion soRead MoreLiterature and Politics the Impact of Dostoevsky9582 Words   |  39 PagesDOSTOEVSKY Dostoevsky and the Legend of the Grand Inquisitor, by Vasily Rozanov. Translated and with an Afterword by Spencer E. Roberts. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1972. Pp. xi. 232. $12.50. Political Apocalypse. A Study of Dostoevskys Grand Inquisitor, by Ellis Sandoz. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971, Pp. xviii. 263. $13.50.* ostoevskys great novels have spawned a vast library of critical 1/literature, a library which extends well beyond traditionalRead MoreThe Power And Punishment And Notes From The Underground1626 Words   |  7 Pagescolor skied above expansive buildings. Many of these buildings are still in existence today; their pictures engrained in textbooks and children’s minds as to how the Russians live. How could this possibly relate to a man who wrote stories like Crime and Punishment and Notes from the Underground? How could the mind of Dostoevsky burst in color when his writing is known for its decayed stance? Simply because of the way he was constructed, much like the towers were: with many different materials and conditionsRead More Reason for the Weak1992 Words   |  8 Pagesincapable of acknowledging human nature and the spiritual and natural laws of life. Nihilism, the rejection of all religious and moral principles, often in the belief that life is meaningless can lead to cha os and suffering of a society. With Crime and Punishment Fyodor Dostoevsky portrays that Russian nihilism, a philosophy based on extreme rationalism, will never successfully exist because it inherently contradicts human emotions, through the relentless examination of Raskolnikov’s experiences in

Media have said on the London eye Essay Example For Students

Media have said on the London eye Essay British Airway London Eye is often described as Millennium wheel as it is famously known as one of the Millennium project for London. This was built to celebrate the millennium. London eye, the big wheel is located the side of Thames River. This is the worlds fifth biggest structure. Now I am going to discuss what other people or media have said on London eye in different way. The London eye was devised and executed by two young architects Julia Barfield and David Marks and they went to British Airway with the idea which successfully existence as one of the millennium project. The London eye is 135 metres high that makes it the worlds tallest observation wheel. This is capable of carrying over 800 passengers at one time. It has 32 capsules turn at a 14 metres per a minute and takes 30 minutes to complete one turn. On London Eye website Marks says he wanted to create something uplifting and delightful with the simple ingredients. London eye had a major media focus from the beginning. This was definitely a huge turning point of the architecture and most think this structure successful even the architect, David Marks, he says to be delighted of the result and that has been so widely accepted and acknowledged (www. londoneye. com/planning). The Times described as Huge in scale but light in feelings, it is the most transparent building in London. This has won around forty wards since 2000, such as Annual Design award (2000), 2001 building award, Architectural Practice of the Year. This proves clearly that this building is recognisably successful. However Mira Bar-Hillel, AA student denies London eye is a building which denying the facts of awards given to London Eye (Architects Journal 24 /10 /2002). That seemed to be agreed by Marks himself at one point as he says, its so light and it is not really a building (The Guardian, August, 30,1999). The one of the big problem of planning as London eyes could cause obstruction of river traffic. The authority is concerned that the platform will affect the main navigation channel (Building, 1999, Issue 07). However after the four weeks trial test, the project was accepted. As a civil engineering structure, the London Eye is a magnificent success story (Construction News, Mark Preedy, 21/02/2002). William says, The London Eye is one of the architectural and engineering triumph of our time. (Reinventing the Wheel, by William Wiles, Watermark). However there was the failure, as it did not open on millennium eve for safety reasons, after the clutch on one passenger capsule seized up in last-minute safety check. It was later investigated, as there was something in the clutch, tested by Mace (the company in charge of construction) project director, Tim Renwick. The design of capsule means it has a low centre of gravity that makes them unstable if the passengers move around inside the pod. To compensate for this, each capsule is fitted with a mechanical levelling system to ensure they remain horizontal. However, in a test carried out, the clutch seized up in the on position, which could result in the capsule tipping upside down, as the wheel turned (Building, 2000 issue1). David Taylor mentioned after this tragedy, the London eye has shown the huge potential such grand schemes have for embarrassing anybody connected with them. It has been called ugly, it has hit snags and it has been accused of being an epic waste of money (construction news, 11/01/1999). Jonathan Jones, the journalist of the Guardian, once compared London eye and Ferris wheel, built by Louis Sullivan in Chicago in 1980s. He thinks the London eye is the signal of an exciting phase in British Design as it shows London is now dealing with spectacular modern architecture. Also he says, This is the part of London that, makes citizen feel like outsiders, dwarfed by huge ministry buildings and equestrian statues. London eye is described by Marks and Barfield as an observation wheel as everything about it amplifies visibility (The Guardian, the Start of some-thing big, 30/08/99). .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33 , .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33 .postImageUrl , .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33 , .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33:hover , .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33:visited , .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33:active { border:0!important; } .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33:active , .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33 .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1ab30e2e0e67bf68a3e0165d170cdd33:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The novel One Hundred Years EssayRem Koohaas celebrates in his book Delirious New York, saying London Eye has some of the characteristics of the architectural mutation. BBC news announced that London eye is in position as one of the UKs top attractions by taking four million visitors on board as it received 33% votes (25,June, 2003). The main sponsor British Airways chairman, Lord Marshall of Knightsbridge said Each visitor to the wheel is contributing to Londons economy and to the United Kingdom(www. londoneye. com/community). The London Eye was originally got temporary permission of five years but it is now one of Londons most popular attractions and has won approval to remain on its site for 25 years (BBC news 25, June, 2003). There were agrees and disagrees on this subject. Architects Journal once used the quotes from Cedric Price, it does not take long for something to become traditional, to prove that London eye should stay longer (06/12/2001). Paul Finch, the editor of Architects journal, said the wheel be so popular the pressure to make it permanent would be irresistible (the guardian, the Start of something big, 30/08/1999). On the other hand, Gile Worsley, the Daily Telegraphs architecture critic) said it was never meant to be a permanent attraction, he doesnt think this symbolic wheel for Millennium celebration repackaged as a money-making tourist venture. (The Daily Telegraph, Pull down the London Eye, 09/03/2002) Brian Collins said he disagrees with the idea as it is completely out of scale with its surroundings and comments on its exorbitant cost (Architects Journal, 18/07/2002). There was suspicion that Pragues wheel (coming soon) designed by Building Design Partnership copied the design of London eye. As the London Eye hasnt registered design or patent copyright, it is not protected from imitated by other designers. In addition, it is considering Pragues wheel as the rival to the London Eye (Building, 2000 Issue 39). As an end of my research, I surveyed twenty friends of mine by Email, asking their aspect on London eye. Considering the fact that only four of them actually been on it, almost all of them said London eye is cool and a very good building for Tourism. However, two people did not like it as they think it looks so random and useless, and surprisingly nine people commented it is too expensive for a ride. I agree with Jonathan Jones, that this architecture itself is very symbolic and definitely modernised London. I always thought of London a historical city and British people love keeping historical environment. However, on the other hand I thought it is behind time, not following high technology. If the London Eye was built in New York, I dont think it would be so special. Therefore, I respect the London eye is considered as the signal of a phase in British design as it shows London is now dealing with spectacular modern architecture. However, I disagree with the fact that London Eye got permission of permanent permission for an economic reason, because I believe that this building particularly attracted people, as it was one of the millennium project and only temporary staying. I think this permanent permission will only make the quality of this architecture to decline. Lastly, I think London Eye should get its copyright for its protection. Overall, I have very enjoyed doing this assignment. Through my research, and writing this essay on London Eye, I have learnt the processing a building can be a complicated job and learnt different body of producing a building.

Subway task and mega environment Essay Example

Subway task and mega environment Paper Subway is an American fast food franchise that sells submarine sandwiches and salads and it was founded in Connecticut, LASS, in 1 965 by Fred Delude and Peter Buck. It was originally called Pets Super Submarines and in 1968, the [emailprotected] name is used for the first time. Since then, the popularity of Subway has been expanding internationally. Subway is now owned by Doctors Associates and there are now 40,438 Subway restaurants in 1 03 countries all over the world. New Subway restaurants are being opened every. Ere and this franchise chain has employed more than 1 50,000 people. Subway has remained among the top best franchise restaurants for the past 7 years. It is actually the largest restaurant company in the world. This franchise restaurant has been created in such a way that it does not only provide a wide range of great tasting sandwiches but also supplies healthier food choices to customers. Subway also gives their customers the chance to decide how they want their subm arine sandwiches to be served. In this assignment mega environment (international element and socio-cultural element) and task environment (customers and clients and competitors) will be analyses and discussed to show how these four elements have an impact on Subways operations. The mega-environment, or general environment as it is sometimes called, is that segment of the external environment that reflects the broad conditions and trends in the societies within which Subway operates. Major elements of the mega environment are: 1) The technological element 2) The economic element ) The legal-political element 4) The international element- It includes the developments in countries outside Subways home country that have the potential impact to the organization. 5) The socio-cultural element- It includes the attitudes, values, norms, beliefs, behaviors, and associated demographic trends that are characteristic of a given geographic area where Subway stores are found. Task environment The task environment depends on the products and services that Us byway offers and the location where it conducts business. We will write a custom essay sample on Subway task and mega environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Subway task and mega environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Subway task and mega environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Subway may be more successful in affecting its task environment than its mega environment. Elements of the task environment are: 1) Customers and Clients- They are individuals and organizations that purchase Subways products and services. It is becoming increasingly important to stay in touch with customers needs.

A Biography of Letizia Bonaparte - Napoleons Mother

A Biography of Letizia Bonaparte - Napoleons Mother Letizia Bonaparte experienced poverty and opulent wealth thanks to the actions of her children, the most famous of whom was Napoleon Bonaparte, the twice Emperor of France. But Letizia was no mere lucky mother profiting from a childs success, she was a formidable figure who guided her family through difficult, albeit often self made, situations, and saw a son rise and fall while keeping a relatively steady head. Napoleon might have been emperor of France and Europes most feared military leader, but Letiziawas still happy to refuse to attend his coronation when she was unhappy with him! Marie-Letizia Bonaparte (nà ©e Ramolino), Madame Mà ©re de Sa Majestà © lEmpereur (1804 - 1815) Born: 24th August 1750 in Ajaccio, Corsica.Married: 2nd June 1764 in Ajaccio, CorsicaDied: 2nd February 1836 in Rome, Italy. Childhood Born in the middle of the eighteenth century, August 1750, Marie-Letizia was a member of the Ramolinos, a low ranking noble family of Italian descent whose elders had lived around Corsica - and in Letizias case, Ajaccio - for several centuries. Letizias father died when she was five and her mother Angela remarried a few years later to Franà §ois Fesch, a captain from the Ajaccio garrison which Letizias father had once commanded. Throughout this period Letizia received no education beyond the domestic. Marriage The next phase of Letizias life began on June 2nd 1764 when she married Carlo Buonaparte, the son of a local family with similar social rank and Italian descent; Carlo was eighteen, Letizia fourteen. Although some myths claim otherwise, the couple certainly didnt elope on a lovesick whim and, although some of the Ramolinos objected, neither family was overtly against the marriage; indeed, most historians agree that the match was a sound, largely economic, agreement which left the couple financially secure, although far from rich. Letizia soon bore two children, one before the end of 1765 and another under ten months later, but neither lived for long. Her next child was born on July 7th 1768, and this son survived: he was named Joseph. Overall, Letizia gave birth to thirteen children, but only eight of those made it past infancy. On The Front Line One source of family income was Carlos work for Pasquale Paoli, a Corsican patriot and revolutionary leader. When French armies landed in Corsica during 1768 Paolis forces fought an, initially successful, war against them and, in early 1769, Letizia accompanied Carlo to the front line - at her own behest - despite her fourth pregnancy. However, the Corsican forces were crushed at the battle of Ponte Novo and Letizia was forced to flee back to Ajaccio through mountains. The incident is worth noting, for shortly after her return Letizia gave birth to her second surviving son, Napoleon; his embryonic presence at the battle remains part of his legend. Household Letizia remained in Ajaccio for the next decade, bearing six more children who survived into adulthood - Lucien in 1775, Elisa in 1777, Louis in 1778, Pauline in 1780, Caroline in 1782 and finally Jerome in 1784. Much of Letizias time was spent caring for those children who remained at home - Joseph and Napoleon departed for schooling in France during 1779 - and organising the Casa Buonaparte, her home. By all accounts Letizia was a stern mother prepared to whip her offspring, but she was also caring and ran her household to the benefit of all. Affair with Comte de Marbeuf During the late 1770s Letizia began an affair with the Comte de Marbeuf, Corsicas French military governor and a friend of Carlos. Although there is no direct evidence, and despite the attempts of some historians to argue otherwise, the circumstances make it quite clear that Letizia and Marbeuf were lovers at some point during the period 1776 to 1784, when the latter married an eighteen year girl and began to distance himself from the, now 34 year old, Letizia. Marbeuf may have fathered one of the Buonaparte children, but commentators who claim he was Napoleons father are without any foundation. Fluctuating Wealth / Flight to France Carlo died on February 24th 1785. For the next few years Letizia managed to keep her family together, despite numerous sons and daughters scattered across France in education and training, by running a thrifty household and persuading notoriously ungenerous relatives to part with money. This was the start of a series of financial troughs and peaks for Letizia: in 1791 she inherited large sums from Archdeacon Lucien, a man who had lived on the floor above her in the Casa Buonaparte. This windfall enabled her to relax her grip on household tasks and enjoy herself, but it also enabled her son Napoleon to enjoy quick promotion and enter into the turmoil of Corsican politics. After turning against Paoli Napoleon suffered defeat, forcing his family to flee for the French mainland in 1793. By the end of that year Letizia was lodged in two small rooms at Marseilles, relying on a soup kitchen for food. This sudden income and loss would, you can speculate, colour her views when the family rose to great heights under the Napoleonic empire and fell from them with equally spectacular speed. Rise of Napoleon Having plunged his family into poverty, Napoleon soon saved them from it: heroic success in Paris brought him promotion to the Army of the Interior and considerable wealth, 60,000 francs of which went to Letizia, enabling her to move into one of Marseilles best homes. From then until 1814 Letizia received ever greater riches from her son, especially after his triumphant Italian campaign of 1796-7. This lined the elder Bonaparte brothers pockets with considerable riches and caused the Paolistas to be expelled from Corsica; Letizia was thus able to return to the Casa Buonaparte, which she renovated with a massive compensatory grant from the French government. The Wars of the 1st / 2nd / 3rd / 4th / 5th / 1812 / 6th Coalition Mother of the Emperor of France Now a woman of great wealth and considerable esteem, Letizia still attempted to control her children, remaining able to praise and chastise them even as they became kings, princes and emperors. Indeed, Letizia was keen that each should benefit equally from the Bonapartes success, and each time he bestowed an award on one sibling Letizia urged him to restore the equilibrium with awards to the others. In an imperial story full of wealth, battles and conquest, there is something warming about the presence of the imperial mother still making sure the siblings divided things equally, even if these were regions and people had died to gain them. Letizia did more than simply organise her family, for she acted as unofficial governor of Corsica - commentators have suggested that nothing major occurred without her approval - and oversaw the Imperial Charities. Snubbing Napoleon However, Napoleons fame and wealth was no guarantee of his mothers favour. Immediately after his imperial accession Napoleon granted titles to his family, including that of Prince of the Empire for Joseph and Louis. However, Letizia was so chagrined at hers - Madame Mà ¨re de Sa Majestà © lEmpereur (or Madame Mà ¨re, Madam Mother) - that she boycotted the coronation. The title may well have been a deliberate slight from son to mother over family arguments and the Emperor tried to make amends a year later, in 1805, by giving Letizia a country home with over 200 courtiers, high-ranking servants and vast sums of money. Madame Mre This episode reveals another side of Letizia: she was certainly careful with her own money, but willing to spend that of her children and patrons. Unimpressed with the first property - a wing of the Grand Trianon - she had Napoleon move her into a large seventeenth century chateau, despite complaining at the opulence of it all. Letizia was exhibiting more than an innate miserlyness, or using the lessons learnt from coping with her free-spending husband, for she was preparing for the potential collapse of Napoleons empire: My son has a fine position, said Letizia, but it may not continue for ever. Who knows whether all these kings wont some day come to me begging for bread? (Napoleons Family, Seward, pg 103.) Refuge in Rome Circumstances did indeed change. In 1814 Napoleons enemies seized Paris, forcing him into abdication and exile on Elba; as the Empire fell, so his siblings fell with him, losing their thrones, titles and parts of their wealth. Nevertheless, the conditions of Napoleons abdication guaranteed Madame Mà ¨re 300,000 francs a year; throughout the crises Letizia acted with stoicism and gentle bravery, never rushing from her enemies and marshalling her errant children as best she could. She initially traveled to Italy with her half brother Fesch, the latter gaining an audience with Pope Pius VII during which the pair were granted refuge in Rome. Letizia also exhibited her head for sensible finances by liquidating her French property before it was taken from her. Still showing parental concern, Letizia traveled to stay with Napoleon before urging him to embark on the adventure which became the Hundred Days, a period when Napoleon regained the Imperial Crown, hurriedly re-organised France and fought the most famous battle in European History, Waterloo. Of course, he was defeated and exiled to distant St. Helena. Having traveled back to France with her son Letizia was soon thrown out; she accepted the protection of the Pope and Rome remained her home. Post Imperial Life Her son may have fallen from power, but Letizia and Fesch had invested considerable sums during the days of Empire, leaving them wealthy and ensconced in luxury: she brought the Palazza Rinuccini in 1818 and installed within it a large number of staff. Letizia also remained active in her familys affairs, interviewing, hiring and shipping staff out to Napoleon and writing letters to secure his release. Nevertheless, her life now became tinged with tragedy as several of her children died young: Elisa in 1820, Napoleon in 1821 and Pauline in 1825. After Elisas death Letizia only ever wore black, and she became increasingly devout. Having lost all her teeth earlier in life Madame Mere now lost her sight, living many of her final years blind. Death / Conclusion Letizia Bonaparte died, still under the protection of the Pope, in Rome on February 2nd 1836. An often dominant mother, Madame Mà ¨re was a pragmatic and careful woman who combined an ability to enjoy luxury without guilt, but to also plan ahead and live without exorbitance. She remained Corsican in thought and word, preferring to speak Italian instead of French, a language which, despite almost two decades living in the country, she spoke poorly and could not write. Despite the hatred and bitterness aimed at her son Letizia remained a surprisingly popular figure, probably because she lacked the eccentricities and ambitions of her children. In 1851 Letizias body was returned and buried in her native Ajaccio. That she is a footnote in the history of Napoleon is an enduring shame, as she is an interesting character in her own right, especially as, centuries later, it is often the Bonapartes who resisted the heights of grandeur and folly who endear. Notable Family:Husband: Carlo Buonaparte (1746 - 1785)Children: Joseph Bonaparte, originally Giuseppe Buonaparte (1768 - 1844)Napoleon Bonaparte, originally Napoleone Buonaparte (1769 - 1821)Lucien Bonaparte, originally Luciano Buonaparte (1775 - 1840)Elisa Bacciochi, nà ©e Maria Anna Buonaparte/Bonaparte (1777 - 1820)Louis Bonaparte, originally Luigi Buonaparte (1778 - 1846)Pauline Borghese, nà ©e Maria Paola/Paoletta Buonaparte/Bonaparte (1780 - 1825)Caroline Murat, nà ©e Maria Annunziata Buonaparte/Bonaparte (1782 - 1839)Jà ©rà ´me Bonaparte, originally Girolamo Buonaparte (1784 - 1860)

The Impact of Social Media on the Political Life in the Arab Countries Essay

The Impact of Social Media on the Political Life in the Arab Countries (proposal) - Essay Example The first section of this paper introduces the subject and provides aims and objectives of the research work. In the literature review section, models, theories and contemporary practices in Arabian nations are discussed. In methodology section, the research method which is to be followed is discussed. Finally a tentative timeframe is calculated and a conclusion is provided. Introduction Communication via mobile and through web has been on an increase in twenty-first century. High end technologies are responsible behind this growing trend. Events of Arab Spring used web based social media- the blogs, different networking sites which enabled social interaction, and content communities. Though the governments of Arabian nations have tried to restrict use of internet, and even arrested prominent internet users, but had failed significantly in many cases. Social mediums like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube were used to organize protests. Slogans of protests were set up in pages and groups wit hin these social networking sites. This helped in spreading of democratic ideas not only within Egypt where the Arab Spring assumed its voluptuous shape but also across international borders. Furthermore, social media heavily influenced political debate and formed divided opinions among urban educated youths of Arabian nations. ... The aims and objectives of this research works are stated and are followed by literature review, a detailed study of impact of social media on politics of Arabian nations. In next section, methodology which will be adopted in due course of research is described. After that comes possible interpretation and analysis of data to be collected. In the final section, a conclusion will be provided along with recommendations. Research Aim This research paper aims at tracing the role played by social media upon political upheaval in the Arabian countries and the controlling mechanisms behind them. Research Objectives a) To recognize the growing powers of social media in Arabian nations b) To identify the major powers in political scenario of Arabian countries c) To trace the impact of social media on governments, political parties and common people of Arabian nations d) To examine the pros and cons of influence exerted by social media on political of Arabian nations e) To presume the future o f social media with respect to political conditions on Arabian nations Rationale of the Research This research paper focuses on the role played by social media in Arabian nations. Owing to the facilities of social media like free flow of information, cross- border interconnectivity, etc. politics in Arabian nations have realized the latent potentials of social media. In this regard, social media has already started to pose as a threat for Middle East politics (Cobley and Schulz 2013, p. 404). Social media has fuelled some of the recent revolutionary activities in Arabian nations. This generates the necessity for tracing the growth, popularity and advantages and misuse of social media in Arabian nations

Design Thinking Process its Influences and Critiques Essay

Design Thinking Process its Influences and Critiques - Essay Example Value creation techniques have shifted from manufacturing intense approaches to knowledge based designs which mean that companies have to adjust adequately to fit the market requirements. Innovation requires more than one approach in coming up with a complete recognizable product. Thus, companies have to amalgamate their resources to achieve quality innovation techniques. Despite the need for coherence in the market many industries have failed to implement this, competition has worsened the situation making each company rely on its own resources. However, this may not be an ideal platform for design thinking methodology. In this paper, I depict the roles and applications of design thinking in different scenarios, in the society. I draw up cases from a number of resources to depict the importance and how design thinking process can be attained with maximum benefits in the long run. Design thinking enhances the process of interoperability of the strategic and operational mindsets of individuals towards the set work environment. Design thinking is used in the derivation of human, technological and business sources and their interplay. Secondly it is influenced by socio-cultural and process based patterns (Lockwood, 23). Recent discussions evolving around knowledge usage have stressed the importance of utilization of distributed knowledge in innovation. It is illustrated that exploitable knowledge lies outside the organization that wants to undertake a new product development, this means that such an organization has to consider different components which may include and not limited to consumers, suppliers, and competitors and among other stakeholders in the business environment. The principle has an immense effect on management who are supposed to be open-minded and allow views from the external environment. By doing so, these managers will be allowing necessary skills to

Hammurabis Code Essay Example for Free

Hammurabis Code Essay I am going to discuss the source of Hammurabi’s Code from our book, Sources of World Societies. During this time, there were a lot of different social classes, and the rich were definitely favored more than the poor. The Code contemplates the whole population as falling into three classes, the amelu, the muskinu and the ardu. The amelu was a patrician, the man of family, whose birth, marriage and death were registered, of ancestral estates and full civil rights . In the book, Sources of World Societies, Hammurabi’s code was not the first known law code, but it is the earliest one to survive largely intact . The code deals with the family, commercial activities, and agricultural life. The laws stated in the book dealt with medical practices, explaining the phrase an â€Å"eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth,† the most common law, meaning that a person who has injured another person receives the same injury in compensation. The example used for that is Law 196, â€Å"If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out . Hammurabi’s Code was very to the point, meaning that there was most likely a law for everything possible in a wrongdoing. For example, Law 218 states, â€Å"If a physician performed a major operation on a freeman with a bronze lancet and has caused the freeman’s death, or he opened up the eye-socket of a freeman and has destroyed the freeman’s eye, they shall cut off his hand . † I understand that the physician did mess up a crucial surgery, but I do think it’s a little outrageous to cut off his whole hand! Perhaps it would be better if he just got punished for the mistake. I do think it’s unfair that if he messed up a slave’s surgery, he received shekels of silver. Law 217 states, â€Å"If it was a freeman’s slave, the owner of the slave shall give two shekels of silver to the physician . † How messed up is that? Slaves were killed for almost every minor offense. Hammurabi’s Code consisted of around 282 Laws. Hammurabi’s Code was established around 1780 B. C . Hammurabi was the ruler who chiefly established the greatness of Babylon, the worlds first metropolis . Hammurabi had many accomplishments other than the law code. He unified Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule, and established the supremacy of the Babylonian god Marduk . Hammurabi’s Code was arranged in orderly groups, so that all men might read and know what was required of them. The code was carved upon a black stone monument, eight feet high, and clearly intended to be reared in public view. This noted stone was found in the year 1901, in a city of the Persian mountains. It begins and ends with addresses to the gods . The Code clearly stated the rules of marriage, having children, and what they were able to do with their children. For example, if a married couple got a divorce, and the woman was a â€Å"bad wife,† the Code allowed him to send her away while he got to keep the children and her dowry, or he could degrade her to the position of a slave in his own house . Women seemed to be treated poorly during this time, and men seemed to always be in charge. For example, Law 110 states, â€Å"If a sister of a god open a tavern, or enter a tavern to drink, then shall this woman be burned to death . Honestly, this one kind of shocked me a bit. Women go to taverns all the time, and if it was this day and age, it would be considered a huge crime if a woman got put to death from going to a tavern. The most common penalty was a fine, but many resulted in death. For instance, Law 2 states, â€Å"If any one bring an accusation against a man, and the accused go to the river and leap into the river, if he sink in the river his accuser shall take possession of his house. But if the river prove that the accused is not guilty, and he escape unhurt, then he who had brought the accusation shall be put to death, while he who leaped into the river shall take possession of the house that had belonged to his accuser . † This law actually makes a lot of sense. If a man is wrongly accused, then the accuser should get punished. Why should the accuser go without getting a penalty, but he should just get a fine, and not be put to death. It does seem a little weird that their letting the river determine their fate. It seemed like they had a lot of beliefs in nature, and let nature decide their fate. I have read these Code laws over and over multiple times and a few of them has made me chuckle a bit. I just think to myself, what were these people thinking?! Law 25 says, â€Å"If fire break out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out cast his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and take the property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that self-same fire . † This law confused me a bit, does it mean that if the person coming to put out the fire looks at the property of where the fire is at, he must be thrown into the fire? If so, that definitely doesn’t make any sense. Law 132 states, â€Å"If the finger is pointed at a mans wife about another man, but she is not caught sleeping with the other man, she shall jump into the river for her husband . † I understand that cheating a a very wrong thing to do, but if she was not caught why should she have to jump into the river? What is she going to learn about doing such a thing. Jumping in the river probably was a big penalty back then. In conclusion, after I looked and went over Hammurabi’s Code, I have learned quite a bit about how life was lived back then. Just thinking that all of our ancestors had to go through that, and how many lives were lost for doing certain crimes that we would consider minor offenses nowadays. If our ancestors lived in the world we lived in today, they would probably think it’s so easy, when we think it’s super hard. The laws were taken very seriously and hardly went unseen. We think these laws are very outrageous and uncalled for, when in reality, they probably weren’t that big of a deal back then. I chose this source because it seemed really interesting to get to know about how the law was made back in 1800 B. C. E. It is important to understand this period of history to see how laws were even made or thought of. Every law that we have is most likely a revised version of one of Hammurabi’s Code Laws. Hammurabi’s Code informed me that early World History is very different than what it is today. This is my first time ever hearing about Hammurabi’s Code, and even learning about 1800 B. C. E. I have really enjoyed learning more about this topic.

The Movie Bugsy :: essays research papers

BUGSY Benjamin Segal was an infamous mobster during the World War II era, a time when America was experiencing national unity. The world war was in the back of everyone’s mind. In the middle of all this madness the daily trials of being American were harder than the easier times of today. Benjamin Seigal was a big part of the mob. He was the mastermind behind the great town of Las Vegas. His borderline genius was shown throughout the movie, as well as his borderline madness. Ben Seigal aka bugsy was confronted by many problems throughout his life both the one that set him back was his love for the ladies, which led to his demise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Main Characters include Bugsy-Warren Beatty –the main character Virginia Hall-Annette Benning –Bugsy’s love interest Mickey Cohen-Harvey Keitel –Bugsy’s right hand Harry Greenberg-Elliot Gould –Bugsy’s friend from NY Meyer Lansky-Ben Kingsley –Bugsy’s boss Warren Beatty was the main character in this film. Virginia Hill was Bugsy’s love interest. These two actors did a wonderful job of acting in a manner congruent with the times of the 40’s. The cast was sprinkled with tremendous talent such as Harvey Keitel, Ben Kingsley, and Elliot Gould. As a whole I think the cast did a magnificent job taking the viewers to an era of America, which is not easily forgotten by those who lived through it. A time when the world was being destroyed by the Nazi Germans was over shadowed by America’s self-involvement. A time when Americans were beginning to be proud of their little world power was accented by the world war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The wardrobe and setting were excellent. The clothes the actor wore were so authentic and representative of the times. I had a conversation with my grandmother and she reminisced with me about the times in which this movie took place. She told me stories of her youthful days. She raised her nine children on Long Island in the state of New York. She witnessed the power of the mafia in the time when the mob ruled. While watching the movie she pointed out several things she had remembered from her youth. There were signs on restaurants and businesses that read, â€Å"we have air conditioning† a sign of the times. Signs that advertised things that are either not available today or completely obsolete filled the background. Air conditioning was in its early stages of development. Today I don’t think anyone would patronize a place of business that did not have air conditioning.

Prescription Drug Abuse Paper

Marc Boubelik Engl 102 MWF 3:00pm Yuan Ding 26 March 2012 Abuse of Prescription Drugs in the U. S. â€Å"Prescription drugs are the number-one drug problem that we face today,† says David Rotenberg, executive director of the adolescent treatment center at the nonprofit Caron Foundation. â€Å"They are more widely prescribed, more widely available, and more widely abused by adolescents than they have ever been before. â€Å"(DiConsiglio, 1) Abuse of prescription drugs is one of the fastest growing problems for young adults in the U. S. today.It is a concerning problem because of prescription drug’s widespread availability and little known negative side effects. Prescription drugs are being abused by many young adults and college students. This research paper will focus on the types of drugs abused, where these drugs are coming from and the reasons for abuse, and the dangers of unknown side effects of abuse. Many different prescription drugs are abused for academic purp oses as well as recreational purposes. First let’s take a look at one of the most popular abused drugs, Adderall.Adderall is by definition a prescription stimulant. It is composed of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine. It is normally prescribed by doctors to patients who suffer from Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and people who suffer from Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). To these patients, Adderall has a calming effect with an improvement in focus and can sustain attention for longer periods of time. Adderall comes is classified by two types, instantaneous release (IR) and extended release (XR). The first has a faster onset and is usually multiple doses are taken in a day.Extended is released in time controlled amounts and is usually taken at the beginning of the day. Adderall is cousin to such drugs as speed and methamphetamines. To adolescents without either disorder, the drug has a stimulating effect on the nervous system. It seems to increase focus and ale rtness in the abuser. â€Å"There are no hard statistics on how many college students use  Adderall. A University of Wisconsin study put the number at 20 percent. Our informal survey at colleges in this region suggests that some 25 percent of students have used  Adderall  at least once to study or to party. (Jaffe/Chip 42) Adderall is a schedule II drug, which defined by the DEA as â€Å"a category of drugs considered having a strong potential for abuse or addiction but that have legitimate medical use. † Another commonly abused prescription pill is powerful painkillers, like Oxycodone (OxyCotin) and Vicodin. These types of medications are usually prescribed to patients with injuries of extensive pain or for patients to take post-surgery. â€Å"Nearly 15 percent of high school seniors admitted abusing painkillers like OxyContin, according to the 2009 â€Å"Monitoring the Future† survey conducted by the University of Michigan. This is a startling statistic, espe cially since 24% of high schools students also partake in episodic and binge drinking. What does this mean? Just because these pills can be found around the house, teenagers think that they can’t be that harmful for your body. When taken in large doses painkillers can create a euphoric â€Å"high† feeling in the abuser. These painkillers can come in liquid, tablet, capsule, and extended release form. These types of painkillers are derived from opioids, the same stuff that heroin is composed of. Because it shares some of the same properties as heroin, it is very addictive in nature, physically and emotionally.Tolerance develops quickly to these drugs, which leads abusers to chase the same feeling as their first experience, often spiraling into full blown addiction. Now that we’ve covered what types of drugs are commonly abused by young adults and college students, how are these drugs obtained and why would adolescents want to abuse them? In the mind of a typical U. S. college student, drug abuse is not uncommon. There have been widespread coverage on binge drinking and alcohol abuse within college campuses, but what about prescription drug abuse?Where are these pills coming from? College students diagnosed with ADHD are popular kids around any given campus. Most college students looking to score some Adderall usually obtain it through a friend or an acquaintance. Pills can range anywhere from 3 to 30 dollars a pill. Using Adderall is seen as a way to get an upper hand when it comes to academics. Students will pop a pill to study, take a test, and even for fun. In an age where procrastination is common, students will do anything to cut their learning curve of classroom curriculum and make up for poor time management.Students report that when taking prescription stimulants they feel an increase in alertness and concentration. Students also report weight loss as a (sometimes desired) side effect. In the article â€Å"Got Any Smart Pills? â₠¬  authors Harry Jaffe and Alex Chip tell the story of a college student at Duke University named Kirk. Kirk was an average student who worked hard to get into Duke’s pre-medical program, but once he got there he found it hard to compete with the other students. Coupled with the party scene at the school, it’s no wonder his grades were sub-par. One day his frat brother picked up on his distress and offered him Adderall.Kirk had never popped a pill for academic or recreational purposes, but after taking the drug and cramming 14 hours straight for a test with positive results, he made it a staple in his academic routine. His abuse slowly progressed as the semester went on. During finals week he took a total 200mg of Adderall over five days and during his fourth and final test, his heart began to beat faster than normal and his temperature hit 103. 5 degrees. After a trip to the hospital, he stopped abusing the prescription drug almost entirely. The rule of moderation ap plies to prescription drugs.They have done wonders for the human race, but if taken in excess, they become harmful to the body, for example, increasing heart rate, altering senses and perceptions, and many other negative side effects. As well as being used as an academic stimulant, Adderall and prescription stimulants are used as a recreational drug, usually at much higher doses, to produce a mild â€Å"high† effect. Adderall is also commonly taken to purposely stay awake all night during the weekends to accompany long nights of drinking, a very dangerous combination. Painkillers like Oxycodone and Vicodin are abused solely for recreation.When taken in high doses, the opiate-derived pills create a sensation of euphoria and relaxation. These prescription drugs are obtained very similar to Adderall, through friends with prescriptions. In the article â€Å"Problem Pill. † Author John DiConsiglio tells the story of 18 year-old Chasey. Chasey started abusing OxyCotin at age 17 under the illusion that prescription drugs were safe to abuse; she became victim to its addictive grip. She used the drug to deal with her emotional pain. So why do many adolescents choose to abuse prescription drugs instead of other popular substances like alcohol and marijuana?Experts believe â€Å"pill popping† is common because it’s hard to detect. Pills are odorless, abusers won’t stumble over words or slur their speech, and the pills are also easy to conceal and carry (DiConsiglio 2). Another speculated reason that this type of abuse is so popular is that kids think it’s safe just because it’s prescribed by a licensed doctor. This leads us to our final topic, what are the dangers and side effects of abuse? Different prescription drugs come with different risks. Let’s relate back to Kirk’s story. His heart rate increased beyond normal and his temperature rose to dangerous levels.According to Scholastics Choices article  "Prescription Stimulants†, â€Å"Abusing prescription stimulants can also result in increased blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature, as well as nausea, headaches, anxiety, psychosis, seizures, stroke, and heart failure. † Although students know the risks of ingesting prescription stimulants like Adderall, many still choose to abuse them. Prescription drugs are very useful and helpful to us if we take them at recommended doses at scheduled times, however when young adults and college students abuse them they have little regard for dosage or a set schedule.Another concern is combining these pills with other commonly abused substances. Alcohol consumption is often very prevalent on college campuses. When alcohol and prescription drugs are combined, they can have potentially fatal results. Mixing pills with different pills could also land you in the hospital. As I mentioned earlier, prescription medicines can become physically and mentally addictive similar to ot her drugs such as cocaine and heroin,. Tolerance to these drugs can increase rapidly, resulting in the abuser taking higher doses to achieve the same effect. Most prescription drugs come with a long list of negative side effects.Some side effects of Adderall include increased heart rate, difficulty sleeping, vomiting, diarrhea, chest pains, dizziness and many more. A few side effects of Oxycotin include drowsiness, mood shifts, difficulty breathing, loss of consciousness, and many more. You can now see why prescription drugs are a growing problem in the U. S. Prescription drugs can be as dangerous as any drug. I’ve covered just what drugs are popular choices for abuse, the reasons why they are abused, and the dangers of abuse. Putting an end to adolescent abuse of prescription drugs is a difficult problem and the solution isn’t simple.Awareness for prescription drug abuse is being raised and needs to continue being raised as the problem itself grows. All we can ask is that America doesn’t become a nation that runs off pills. Works cited DiConsiglio, John. â€Å"Generation Rx. †Ã‚  Scholastic Choices  25. 4 (2010): 8-11. OmniFile Full Text Select (H. W. Wilson). Web. 1 Mar. 2012. DiConsiglio, John. â€Å"Problem Pill. †Ã‚  Scholastic Choices  26. 4 (2011): 14-17. OmniFile Full Text Select (H. W. Wilson). Web. 16 Mar. 2012. Jaffe, Harry, and Alex Chip. â€Å"Got Any Smart Pills? †Ã‚  Washingtonian  41. 4 (2006): 41-47. OmniFile Full Text Select (H.W. Wilson). Web. 1 Mar. 2012. Jardin, Bianca1, Alison1 Looby, and Mitch1 Earleywine. â€Å"Characteristics Of College Students With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Who Misuse Their Medications. †Ã‚  Journal Of American College Health  59. 5 (2011): 373-377. OmniFile Full Text Select (H. W. Wilson). Web. 1 Mar. 2012. â€Å"Prescription Stimulants. †Ã‚  Scholastic Choices  26. 6 (2011): 16-17. OmniFile Full Text Select (H. W. Wilson). Web . 1 Mar. 2012. Rasminsky, Abigail. â€Å"High And Mighty. †Ã‚  Dance Spirit  12. 7 (2008): 116-118. OmniFile Full Text Select (H. W. Wilson). Web. 1 Mar. 2012.